Prevalência da polifarmácia quantitativa e qualitativa em idosos com demência de alzheimer / Prevalence of quantitative and qualitative polypharmacy in older adults with Alzheimer dementia

INTRODUÇÃO: A polifarmácia pode ser classificada como quantitativa e qualitativa. Entre os conceitos para a quantitativa, está a utilização de dois ou mais medicamentos. Por sua vez, a polifarmácia qualitativa considera a racionalização da terapia farmacológica. OBJETIVOS: Com base nos dois conceitos apresentados, este estudo objetivou avaliar a prevalência da polifarmácia em idosos com demência e correlacioná-la às características socioclínicas, demográficas e farmacológicas. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal em um centro de referência em demência no Distrito Federal, incluindo 97 idosos com diagnóstico de demência de Alzheimer. Foram identificadas as prevalências da polifarmácia quantitativa e da qualitativa, e, valendo-se da análise univariada, correlacionou-se a presença de polifarmácia às características da população. A estatística descritiva foi calculada para todas as variáveis, as dependentes e as independentes. A correlação entre as variáveis secundárias e a polifarmácia foi determinada pela razão de prevalências. Para a análise univariada, utilizaram-se os seguintes testes estatísticos: χ2 de Pearson, Kruskal-Wallis e Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney (WMW). RESULTADOS: A prevalência da polifarmácia quantitativa foi de 92,8%, sendo 37,2% leve, 25,8% moderada e 29,8% grave, e a da qualitativa foi de 49,5%. Analisando-se os dados, as características socioclínicas e demográficas não estiveram associadas nem com a polifarmácia quantitativa nem com a qualitativa. CONCLUSÃO: A polifarmácia quantitativa e a qualitativa foram prevalentes entre os idosos com demência. O atendimento ambulatorial multiprofissional aos idosos mediante a metodologia de identificação e qualificação das polifarmácias quantitativa e qualitativa parece ser uma ferramenta útil para promover o uso racional de medicamentos

BACKGROUND: Polypharmacy can be defined quantitatively or qualitatively. One of the concepts underlying the quantitative definition of polypharmacy is the use of two or more medications. The qualitative definition, in turn, takes into account the rationalization of pharmacotherapy. OBJECTIVES: Based on these two concepts, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of polypharmacy in older adults with dementia and correlate it with sociodemographic, clinical, and pharmacological characteristics. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a center of excellence for dementia care in the Federal District, including 97 older adults with a diagnosis of Alzheimer dementia. Prevalence rates were determined for quantitative and qualitative polypharmacy. The presence of polypharmacy was correlated with the characteristics of the sample by univariate analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all dependent and independent variables. The correlation between secondary variables and polypharmacy was determined by prevalence ratio. Univariate analysis was performed using the following statistical tests: Pearson's χ2 test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney (WMW) test. RESULTS: The prevalence of quantitative polypharmacy was 92.8%, of which 37.2% were characterized as minor, 25.8% as moderate, and 29.8% as major. The prevalence of qualitative polypharmacy was 49.5%. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were not associated with quantitative or qualitative polypharmacy. CONCLUSION: Both quantitative and qualitative polypharmacy were highly prevalent among older adults with dementia. The delivery of multidisciplinary care to older outpatients through a methodology that identifies and characterizes polypharmacy both quantitatively and qualitatively seems to be a useful tool to promote the rational use of medications

Development of rheumatology training in Brazil: the option for a medical residency program / Evolução da formação de reumatologistas no Brasil: a opção pela residência médica

Abstract Objective To describe the characteristics and progression of the supply of new rheumatologists in Brazil, from 2000 to 2015. Methods: Consultations to databases and official documents of institutions related to training and certification of rheumatologists in Brazil took place. The data were compared, summarized and presented descriptively. Results: From 2000 to 2015, Brazil qualified 1091 physicians as rheumatologists, of which 76.9% (n = 839) completed a medical residency program in rheumatology (MRPR); the others (n = 252) achieved this title without MRPR training. There was an expansion of MRPR positions. At the same time, there was a change in the profile of the newly qualified doctors. Early in the series, the fraction of new rheumatologists without MRPR, entering the market annually, was approaching 50%, dropping to about 15% in recent years. In 2015, Brazil offered 49 MRPR accredited programs, with 120 positions per year for access. There was an imbalance in the distribution of MRPR positions across the country, with a strong concentration in the southeast region, which in 2015 held 59.2% of the positions. Public institutions accounted for 94% (n = 789) of graduates in MRPR during the study period, while still maintaining 93.3% (n = 112) of seats for admission in 2015. Conclusions: In the last sixteen years, in parallel with the expansion of places of access, MRPR has established itself as the preferred route for rheumatology training in Brazil, mainly supported by public funds. Regional inequalities in the provision of MRPR positions still persist, as challenges that must be faced.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever as características e a evolução da oferta de novos reumatologistas no Brasil, de 2000 a 2015. Métodos: Fizeram-se consultas a bases de dados e a documentos oficiais de instituições relacionadas à formação e à certificação de reumatologistas no país. Os dados foram cruzados, sumarizados e apresentados de forma descritiva. Resultados: De 2000 até 2015, o Brasil habilitou 1.091 médicos à condição de reumatologistas, dentre os quais 76,9% (n = 839) concluíram residência médica em reumatologia (RMR); os demais (n = 252) obtiveram o título sem cursar RMR. Houve expansão das vagas de RMR. Paralelamente, ocorreu uma modificação no perfil dos recém-habilitados. No início da série, a fração de novos reumatologistas sem RMR, ingressantes no mercado anualmente, aproximava-se dos 50%, reduziu-se para cerca de 15%, em anos recentes. Em 2015, havia no país 49 programas de RMR credenciados, com 120 vagas anuais de acesso. Observou-se desequilíbrio na distribuição de vagas de RMR pelo país, com forte concentração na Região Sudeste, que em 2015 detinha 59,2% das vagas. Instituições públicas responderam por 94% (n = 789) dos concluintes de RMR no período estudado, mantiveram ainda 93,3% (n = 112) das vagas para ingresso em 2015. Conclusões: Nos últimos 16 anos, paralelamente à expansão das vagas de acesso, a RMR consolidou-se como via preferencial para formação em reumatologia no Brasil, eminentemente suportada por recursos públicos. Desigualdades regionais na oferta de vagas de RMR persistem como desafios a serem enfrentados.

Coorte Sarar: atividade de doença, capacidade funcional e dano radiológico em pacientes com artrite reumatoide submetidos à artroplastia total de quadril e joelho / Sarar cohort: disease activity, functional capacity, and radiological damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty

RESUMOObjetivos:A coorte Sarar é composta por pacientes portadores de artrite reumatoide (AR) e artrite idiopática juvenil (AIJ) submetidos a artroplastias de quadril e joelho no hospital Sarah-Brasília. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar fatores clínicos e laboratoriais associados à atividade de doença, capacidade funcional e dano radiológico em pacientes com AR, participantes dessa coorte.Métodos:Estudo transversal, com coleta de dados em revisão de prontuário.Resultados:Foram incluídos 32 pacientes, com tempo médio de início da doença de 240 meses. Dezenove pacientes foram submetidos a ATJ e 17, a ATQ. Foi encontrada correlação positiva entre dose máxima de metotrexato (MTX) durante a evolução e Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) (R = -0,46, p = 0,011) e negativa com Simplified Erosion and Narrowing Score (SENS) (R = -0,58, p = 0,004). Valores de SENS foram maiores nos pacientes com fator reumatoide (FR) (p = 0,005) e anticorpo antipeptídeo cíclico citrulinado 3 (anti-CCP3) positivo (p = 0,044), nos com maiores títulos de FR (p = 0,037) e anti-CCP3 (p = 0,025) e menores nos pacientes com história familiar de AR (p = 0,009). Valores de HAQ foram maiores em pacientes mais idosos (p = 0,031). Na regressão linear múltipla, somente “dose máxima de MTX” e “história familiar” permaneceram com associação significativa com SENS (r2= 0,73, p < 0,001 para ambas as variáveis). No modelo que avaliou CDAI, apenas “dose máxima de MTX” permaneceu com associação significativa (r2 = 0,35, p = 0,016).Conclusão:Na coorte Sarar, fatores clínicos e laboratoriais estiveram relacionados à atividade de doença, capacidade funcional e dano radiológico, semelhantemente a estudos que avaliaram pacientes com menor tempo de doença.

ABSTRACTObjectives:The Sarar cohort consists of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis who underwent hip or knee arthroplasties at hospital SARAH-Brasília. The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical and laboratory factors associated with disease activity, functional capacity and radiological damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients, participants in this cohort.Methods:Cross-secal study, with data collection achieved from medical records review.Results:Thirty-two patients were included, with a mean time of disease onset of 240 months. Nineteen patients underwent total knee and 17 total hip arthroplasty. There was a positive correlation between maximum dose of methotrexate and Clinical Disease Activity Index (R = −0.46, p = 0.011), and a negative one with Simplified Erosion and Narrowing Score (R = −0.58, p= 0.004). Simplified Erosion and Narrowing Score values were higher in patients with rheumatoid factor (p = 0.005) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody 3 positivity (p = 0.044), in those with higher rheumatoid factor (p = 0.037) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody 3 (p = 0.025) titers, and lower in patients with family history of rheumatoid factor (p = 0.009). Health Assessment Questionnaire values were higher in older patients (p = 0.031). In multiple linear regression, only “maximum dose of methotrexate” and “family history” remained with significant association with Simplified Erosion and Narrowing Score (r2 = 0.73, p < 0.001 for both variables). In the model evaluating “Clinical Disease Activity Index” only “maximum dose of methotrexate” remained significantly associated (r2 = 0.35, p = 0.016).Conclusion:In the Sarar cohort, clinical and laboratory factors were related to disease activity, functional capacity and radiological damage, similar to studies evaluating patients with lower disease duration.

Sarar Cohort: disease activity, functional capacity, and radiological damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVES: The Sarar cohort consists of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) who underwent hip or knee arthroplasties at hospital Sarah-Brasília. The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical and laboratory factors associated with disease activity, functional capacity and radiological damage in RA patients, participants in this cohort. METHODS: cross-sectional study, with data collection achieved from medical records review. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients were included, with a mean time of disease onset of 240 months. Nineteen patients underwenttotal knee (TKA) and 17 total hip (THA) arthroplasty. There was a positive correlation between maximum dose of methotrexate (MTX) and Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) (R = -0.46, p = 0.011), and a negative one with Simplified Erosion and Narrowing Score (SENS) (R = - 0.58, p = 0.004). SENS values were higher in patients with rheumatoid factor (RF) (p = 0.005) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody 3 (anti-CCP3) positivity (p = 0.044), in those with higher RF (p = 0.037) and anti-CCP3 (p = 0.025) titers, and lower in patients with family history of RA (p = 0.009). HAQ values were higher in older patients (p = 0.031). In multiple linear regression, only "maximum dose of MTX' and "family history" remained with significant association with SENS (r(2) = 0.73, p <0.001 for both variables). In the model evaluating CDAI only "maximum dose of MTX" remained significantly associated (r(2) = 0.35, p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: In the Sarar cohort, clinical and laboratory factors were related to disease activity, functional capacity and radiological damage, similar to studies evaluating patients with lower disease duration.

What a rheumatologist needs to know about yellow fever vaccine.

Patients with rheumatic diseases are more susceptible to infection, due to the underlying disease itself or to its treatment. The rheumatologist should prevent infections in those patients, vaccination being one preventive measure to be adopted. Yellow fever is one of such infectious diseases that can be avoided.The yellow fever vaccine is safe and effective for the general population, but, being an attenuated live virus vaccine, it should be avoided whenever possible in rheumatic patients on immunosuppressive drugs. Considering that yellow fever is endemic in a large area of Brazil, and that vaccination against that disease is indicated for those living in such area or travelling there, rheumatologists need to know that disease, as well as the indications for the yellow fever vaccine and contraindications to it. Our paper was aimed at highlighting the major aspects rheumatologists need to know about the yellow fever vaccine to decide about its indication or contraindication in specific situations.

Frequency of sexual dysfunction in women with rheumatic diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women followed up at the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic of the Hospital Universitário de Brasília and of the Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo with the following rheumatic diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus; rheumatoid arthritis; systemic sclerosis; antiphospholipid antibody syndrome; and fibromyalgia. METHODS: The Female Sexual Function Index (FSfi), obtained by applying a 19-item questionnaire that assesses six domains (sexual desire, arousal, vaginal lubrication, orgasm, sexual satisfaction and pain), was used. RESULTS: This study assessed 163 patients. The mean age was 40.4 years. The prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 18.4%, but 24.2% of the patients reported no sexual activity over the past 4 weeks. Patients with fibromyalgia and systemic sclerosis had the highest sexual dysfunction index (33%). Excluding patients with no sexual activity, the sexual dysfunction rate reaches 24.2%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of sexual dysfunction found in this study was lower than that reported in the literature. However, 24.2% of the patients interviewed reported no sexual activity over the past 4 weeks, which might have contributed to the low sexual dysfunction index found.

O que o reumatologista deve saber sobre a vacina contra febre amarela / What a rheumatologist needs to know about yellow fever vaccine

Os pacientes portadores de doenças reumáticas são mais suscetíveis à infecção, quer seja pela própria doença de base ou pelo tratamento empregado. É papel do reumatologista prevenir as infecções nesse grupo de pacientes e, dentre as estratégias empregadas, encontra-se a vacinação. No grupo das doenças infecciosas que podem ser prevenidas está a febre amarela. Sua vacina é segura e eficaz na população em geral, mas, assim como as vacinas contendo organismos vivos atenuados, deve ser evitada sempre que possível em portadores de doenças reumáticas em uso de medicamentos imunossupressores. Sendo a febre amarela endêmica em grande parte do Brasil, e estando a vacinação contra essa doença indicada para a população residente em extensa parte do território nacional (além dos viajantes para essas regiões), torna-se essencial que o reumatologista tenha conhecimento da doença, das indicações e contraindicações da vacina contra a febre amarela. Nosso artigo tem o objetivo de destacar os principais aspectos que o reumatologista precisa conhecer sobre a vacina contra a febre amarela, para decidir por sua indicação ou contraindicação após avaliação do risco-benefício em situações específicas.

Patients with rheumatic diseases are more susceptible to infection, due to the underlying disease itself or to its treatment. The rheumatologist should prevent infections in those patients, vaccination being one preventive measure to be adopted. Yellow fever is one of such infectious diseases that can be avoided.The yellow fever vaccine is safe and effective for the general population, but, being an attenuated live virus vaccine, it should be avoided whenever possible in rheumatic patients on immunosuppressive drugs. Considering that yellow fever is endemic in a large area of Brazil, and that vaccination against that disease is indicated for those living in such area or travelling there, rheumatologists need to know that disease, as well as the indications for the yellow fever vaccine and contraindications to it. Our paper was aimed at highlighting the major aspects rheumatologists need to know about the yellow fever vaccine to decide about its indication or contraindication in specific situations.

Frequência de disfunção sexual em mulheres com doenças reumáticas / Frequency of sexual dysfunction in women with rheumatic diseases

OBJETIVO: Pesquisar a prevalência de disfunção sexual em mulheres com as seguintes doenças reumáticas: lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, artrite reumatoide, esclerose sistêmica, síndrome antifosfolípide e fibromialgia acompanhados no Ambulatório de Reumatologia do Hospital Universitário de Brasília e do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se o índice de função sexual feminina (Female Sexual Function Index - FSfi), questionário que contém 19 itens que avaliam 6 domínios: desejo sexual, excitação sexual, lubrificação vaginal, orgasmo, satisfação sexual e dor. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 163 pacientes. A média de idade foi de 40,4 anos. A prevalência de disfunção sexual foi de 18,4%, porém 24,2% das pacientes não apresentaram atividade sexual nas últimas 4 semanas. Entre os subgrupos, as pacientes com fibromialgia e esclerose sistêmica foram as com maior índice de disfunção sexual (33%). Se excluirmos as pacientes sem atividade sexual, a taxa de disfunção sobe para 24,2%. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de disfunção sexual encontrada neste estudo foi menor em relação à literatura. Entretanto, 24,2% das pacientes entrevistadas negaram atividade sexual nas últimas 4 semanas, o que pode ter contribuído para o baixo índice de disfunção sexual.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women followed up at the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic of the Hospital Universitário de Brasília and of the Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo with the following rheumatic diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus; rheumatoid arthritis; systemic sclerosis; antiphospholipid antibody syndrome; and fibromyalgia. METHODS: The Female Sexual Function Index (FSfi), obtained by applying a 19-item questionnaire that assesses six domains (sexual desire, arousal, vaginal lubrication, orgasm, sexual satisfaction and pain), was used. RESULTS: This study assessed 163 patients. The mean age was 40.4 years. The prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 18.4%, but 24.2% of the patients reported no sexual activity over the past 4 weeks. Patients with fibromyalgia and systemic sclerosis had the highest sexual dysfunction index (33%). Excluding patients with no sexual activity, the sexual dysfunction rate reaches 24.2%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of sexual dysfunction found in this study was lower than that reported in the literature. However, 24.2% of the patients interviewed reported no sexual activity over the past 4 weeks, which might have contributed to the low sexual dysfunction index found.

Qualidade de vida de pacientes com lúpus eritematoso influencia a capacidade cardiovascular em teste de caminhada de 6 minutos / The quality of life of patients with lupus erythematosus influences cardiovascular capacity in 6-minute walk test

OBJETIVO: Examinar a associação entre a qualidade de vida e a distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (6TC) em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) na pré-menopausa, bem como comparar os resultados com controle saudáveis. MÉTODO: Foram pareadas por idade, características físicas e nível de atividade física (Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física: s-IPAQ) 25 pacientes com LES na pré-menopausa (18-45 anos) com baixa atividade da doença (SLEDAI médio: 1,52 ± 1,61) e 25 controles. Ambos os grupos não deviam estar envolvidos em atividade física regular por pelo menos 6 meses antes do estudo. Além da distância percorrida no 6TC (protocolo American Thoracic Society), foi avaliada a frequência cardíaca (FCpós) e a saturação de oxigênio (SpO2pós) pós-teste, e a percepção subjetiva de esforço de Borg (PSE/CR10). A qualidade de vida foi avaliada pelo Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36). RESULTADOS: Pacientes com LES apresentaram pior qualidade de vida, percorreram menor distância no 6TC (598 ± 45 m versus 642 ± 14 m; P < 0,001) e obtiveram maior PSE (6,28 ± 2 versus 5,12 ± 1,60; P < 0,05), FCpós (134 ± 15 bpm versus 123 ± 23 bpm; P < 0,05) quando comparadas aos controles. A qualidade de vida foi preditora significativa de 70% da distância percorrida no 6TC. CONCLUSÃO: Quando comparadas aos controles, as pacientes com LES percorrem menor distância no 6TC, o que foi associado a pior qualidade de vida.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between quality of life and distance walked in the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) in Brazilian premenopausal patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and compare their results with those of healthy controls. METHODS: Twenty-five premenopausal (18-45 years) patients diagnosed with low-activity SLE (mean SLEDAI: 1.52 ± 1.61) and 25 controls were matched for age, physical characteristics, and physical activity level (International Physical Activity Questionnaire/s-IPAQ). Both groups should not be involved in regular physical activity for at least six months before the study. The 6MWT distance (American Thoracic Society protocol), posttest heart rate (HRpost), posttest oxygen saturation (SpO2post) and the Borg scale of subjective perception of effort (SPE/CR10) were evaluated. The quality of life was assessed by use of the Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36). RESULTS: Patients with SLE had a significantly poorer quality of life, a shorter 6MWT distance (598 ± 45 m versus 642 ± 14 m, P < 0.001), and greater values of SPE/CR10 (6.28 ± 2.0 versus 5.12 ± 1.60, P< 0.05) and HRpost (134 ± 15 bpm versus 123 ± 23 bpm, P< 0.05) when compared with controls. The linear regression model suggested that quality of life was a significant predictor of 70% of the 6MWT distance. CONCLUSION: When compared with controls, patients with SLE walked a shorter distance in the 6MWT, which was associated with poorer quality of life.

Disability and quality-of-life are not influenced by the prevalence of autoantibodies in early rheumatoid arthritis patients--results of the Brasília Cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Although many studies have suggested that the presence of autoantibodies, such as rheumatoid factor (RF) and/or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are predictors of joint damage, the association with disability and quality of life questionnaires are not known. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the correlation between the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) scores with serological markers, such as RF, anti-CCP, and anti-citrullinated vimentin (anti-Sa). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty five patients with early RA (ERA) from the Brasília Cohort of ERA were evaluated. Serology tests (ELISA) for RF (IgM, IgG, and IgA), anti-CCP (CCP2, CCP3, and CCP3.1), and anti-Sa were performed, with the application of the HAQ and SF-36 questionnaires in the initial evaluation. RESULTS: The mean age was 45 years, with a female predominance (86%). At the initial evaluation, RF was positive in 32 individuals (49.23%), anti-CCP in 34 (52.3%), and anti-Sa in nine (13.8%). The initial HAQ score was 1.8. The SF-36 scores were as follow: role-emotional, 19.3; social functioning, 43.1; bodily pain, 25.43; general health, 57.6; mental health, 48.1; vitality, 49.5; role-physical, 4.6; and physical functioning, 24.7. The HAQ and SF-36 scores did not vary with autoantibody levels. CONCLUSION: In many patients, ERA has a major impact on physical ability and health-related quality of life. Although RF and anti-CCP tests have been related with joint destruction and worse clinical prognosis, there is no correlation with the results of questionnaires of quality of life and disability.

Incapacitação e qualidade de vida não são influenciadas pela prevalência de autoanticorpos em pacientes com artrite reumatoide inicial - resultados da Coorte Brasília / Disability and quality-of-life are not influenced by the prevalence of autoantibodies in early rheumatoid arthritis patients - results of the Brasília Cohort

INTRODUÇÃO: Embora muitos estudos sugiram que a presença de autoanticorpos, tais como fator reumatoide (FR) e/ou antipeptídeos citrulinados cíclicos (anti-CCP), sejam preditores de danos articulares na artrite reumatoide (AR), a associação entre os questionários de incapacidade e de qualidade de vida ainda são desconhecidos. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a correlação entre os questionários Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) e Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) com marcadores como FR, anti-CCP e antivimentina citrulinada (anti-Sa). PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados no momento do diagnóstico 65 pacientes da Coorte Brasília com AR inicial. Foram realizadas sorologias (ELISA) para FR (IgM, IgG e IgA), anti-CCP (CCP2, CCP3 e CCP3.1) e anti-Sa, com a aplicação do HAQ e SF-36 na avaliação inicial. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 45 anos, predominando o gênero feminino (86%). Na avaliação inicial, o FR foi positivo em 32 indivíduos (49,23%); anti-CCP em 34 indivíduos (52,3%); e anti-Sa em nove indivíduos (13,8%). O escore inicial do HAQ foi de 1,8. Os escores dos domínios do SF-36 foram: emocional, 19,3; social, 43,1; dor, 25,43; estado geral, 57,6; saúde mental, 48,1; vitalidade, 49,5; físico, 4,6; e limitação por aspecto físico, 24,7. HAQ e escores do SF-36 não variaram com os níveis de autoanticorpos. CONCLUSÃO: Muitos pacientes com AR inicial apresentam comprometimento na qualidade de vida relacionada aos domínios da capacidade física e mental. Embora FR e anti-CCP tenham sido relacionados com dano articular e pior prognóstico clínico, não há correlação entre os questionários e as avaliações da qualidade de vida e incapacidade.

INTRODUCTION: Although many studies have suggested that the presence of autoantibodies, such as rheumatoid factor (RF) and/or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are predictors of joint damage, the association with disability and quality of life questionnaires are not known. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the correlation between the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) scores with serological markers, such as RF, anti-CCP, and anti-citrullinated vimentin (anti-Sa). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty five patients with early RA (ERA) from the Brasília Cohort of ERA were evaluated. Serology tests (ELISA) for RF (IgM, IgG, and IgA), anti-CCP (CCP2, CCP3, and CCP3.1), and anti-Sa were performed, with the application of the HAQ and SF-36 questionnaires in the initial evaluation. RESULTS: The mean age was 45 years, with a female predominance (86%). At the initial evaluation, RF was positive in 32 individuals (49.23%), anti-CCP in 34 (52.3%), and anti-Sa in nine (13.8%). The initial HAQ score was 1.8. The SF-36 scores were as follow: role-emotional, 19.3; social functioning, 43.1; bodily pain, 25.43; general health, 57.6; mental health, 48.1; vitality, 49.5; role-physical, 4.6; and physical functioning, 24.7. The HAQ and SF-36 scores did not vary with autoantibody levels. CONCLUSION: In many patients, ERA has a major impact on physical ability and health-related quality of life. Although RF and anti-CCP tests have been related with joint destruction and worse clinical prognosis, there is no correlation with the results of questionnaires of quality of life and disability.

Diagnóstico por imagem da artrite reumatoide inicial / Imaging diagnosis of early rheumatoid arthritis

O diagnóstico precoce da artrite reumatoide é essencial para o manejo adequado da condição. Atualmente, considera-se que a fase inicial da doença constitui uma janela de oportunidade terapêutica para a artrite reumatoide. Embora o diagnóstico seja primordialmente clínico, o desenvolvimento e o aprimoramento de métodos laboratoriais e de imagem têm contribuído para o diagnóstico mais precoce e a determinação da conduta na artrite reumatoide inicial. Neste artigo os autores revisam o papel dos principais métodos de imagem utilizados para a avaliação da artrite reumatoide inicial, notadamente a radiologia convencional, a ultrassonografia e a ressonância magnética.

Early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis is essential for its proper management. Currently, the initial phase of rheumatoid arthritis is known to provide a window of therapeutic opportunity. Although the diagnosis is primarily clinical, the development and improvement of laboratory and imaging methods have contributed to earlier diagnosis and determination of procedures in early rheumatoid arthritis. In this article, the authors review the role of the major imaging methods used for assessing early rheumatoid arthritis, especially conventional radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging.

Autoanticorpos na artrite reumatoide inicial: coorte Brasília - resultados de uma análise seriada de três anos / Autoantibodies in early rheumatoid arthritis: Brasília cohort - results of a three-year serial analysis

O valor diagnóstico e prognóstico da análise seriada dos anticorpos como fator reumatoide (FR), anticorpos antipeptídeos citrulinados cíclicos (anti-CCP) e antivimentina citrulinada (anti-Sa) não está definido nos pacientes com artrite reumatoide inicial (ERA). OBJETIVOS: Avaliar de forma prospectiva a presença de FR, anti-CCP e anti-Sa em pacientes com ERA. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Quarenta pacientes da coorte Brasília de ERA (menos de 12 meses) foram avaliados e monitorados durante três anos. Os dados clínicos e demográficos foram registrados, além dos resultados (ELISA) para FR (IgM, IgG e IgA), anti-CCP (CCP2, CCP3 e CCP3.1) e anti-Sa na avaliação inicial e aos 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 e 36 meses de acompanhamento. Comparações pelos testes t de Student e t pareado. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 45 anos, 90% dos pacientes do gênero feminino. No momento do diagnóstico, FR foi observado em 50% dos casos (FR IgA 42%, FR IgG 30% e FR IgM 50%), anti-CCP em 52,5% (não houve diferença entre CCP2, CCP3 e CCP3.1) e anti-Sa em 10%. Após três anos, não houve diferença na prevalência de FR e anti-CCP, mas a de anti-Sa aumentou para 17,5% (P = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A análise repetida do FR e anti-CCP, incluindo aqui diferentes isotipos, durante três anos de acompanhamento, não mostrou mudanças significativas. A terceira geração do anti-CCP não aumentou o valor diagnóstico dos testes de segunda geração.

The diagnostic and prognostic value of the serial measurement of antibodies, such as rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), and anti-citrullinated vimentin (anti-Sa) antibodies, has not been defined in early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA). OBJECTIVES: To prospectively assess the presence of RF, anti-CCP, and anti-Sa in ERA patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty ERA (less than 12 months) patients of the Brasília cohort were evaluated and followed up for three years. Both clinical and demographic data were recorded, in addition to the results (ELISA) of RF (IgM, IgG, and IgA), anti-CCP (CCP2, CCP3, and CCP3.1), and anti-Sa at the baseline assessment and after 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months of follow-up. The results were compared by use of Student t test and paired t test. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 45 years, and 90% of them were female. At the time of diagnosis, RF was identified in 50% of the patients (RF IgA, 42%; RF IgG, 30%; and RF IgM, 50%), anti-CCP in 52.5% (no difference between CCP2, CCP3, and CCP3.1), and anti-Sa in 10%. After three years, no difference was observed in RF and anti-CCP prevalence, but anti-Sa increased to 17.5% (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Repeated RF and anti-CCP measurement, including different isotypes, during three years of follow-up showed no significant changes. The third generation of anti-CCP assays did not increase the diagnostic value of the second-generation assays.

Autoantibodies in early rheumatoid arthritis: Brasília cohort: results of a three-year serial analysis.

UNLABELLED: The diagnostic and prognostic value of the serial measurement of antibodies, such as rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), and anti-citrullinated vimentin (anti-Sa) antibodies, has not been defined in early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA). OBJECTIVES: To prospectively assess the presence of RF, anti-CCP, and anti-Sa in ERA patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty ERA (less than 12 months) patients of the Brasília cohort were evaluated and followed up for three years. Both clinical and demographic data were recorded, in addition to the results (ELISA) of RF (IgM, IgG, and IgA), anti-CCP (CCP2, CCP3, and CCP3.1), and anti-Sa at the baseline assessment and after 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months of follow-up. The results were compared by use of Student t test and paired t test. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 45 years, and 90% of them were female. At the time of diagnosis, RF was identified in 50% of the patients (RF IgA, 42%; RF IgG, 30%; and RF IgM, 50%), anti-CCP in 52.5% (no difference between CCP2, CCP3, and CCP3.1), and anti-Sa in 10%. After three years, no difference was observed in RF and anti-CCP prevalence, but anti-Sa increased to 17.5% (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Repeated RF and anti-CCP measurement, including different isotypes, during three years of follow-up showed no significant changes. The third generation of anti-CCP assays did not increase the diagnostic value of the second-generation assays.

[General principles for treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis].

The main goals of the treatment of a patient with RA are: to reduce pain, joint swelling and constitutional symptoms such as fatigue, to improve joint function, stop progression of bone-cartilage damage , prevent disabilities and reduce morbidity and mortality. In recent years, the therapeutic concept of early RA (first 12 months of symptoms) has undergone major changes. Three aspects in particular have become the basis of the new treatment paradigm: early diagnosis, immediate beginning of Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs therapy (DMARD) and strict control of the inflammatory activity. In this article, the authors review the general principles of management of patients with early RA.

Características laboratoriais de um grupo de pacientes com artrite reumatoide inicial / Laboratory characteristics of a cohort of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis

INTRODUÇÃO/OBJETIVO: Caracterizar uma população de pacientes com artrite reumatoide (AR) inicial quanto aos aspectos laboratoriais, comparando-a com outras coortes similares. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Os dados apresentados fazem parte de um estudo prospectivo de coorte incidente, em que foram avaliados 65 pacientes com AR inicial, acompanhados por 36 meses a partir do diagnóstico, na Clínica de Artrite Reumatoide Inicial do Hospital Universitário de Brasília (HUB). Foram registrados os dados demográficos, clínicos e laboratoriais pertinentes à avaliação inicial da coorte, incluindo hematimetria, provas de atividade inflamatória e presença de autoanticorpos (fator reumatoide - FR, anticorpos antipeptídeos citrulinados cíclicos - anti-CCP e antivimentina citrulinada - anti-Sa). RESULTADOS: Houve predomínio de mulheres (86 por cento), com média de idade de 45,6 anos. Doze pacientes (18,46 por cento) tiveram o diagnóstico laboratorial de anemia (hemoglobina < 12 g/dL). Velocidade de hemossedimentação (VHS) e proteína C reativa (PCR) encontravam-se acima do valor de referência em 51 (78,46 por cento) e 46 (70,76 por cento) pacientes, respectivamente. Trinta e dois indivíduos (49,23 por cento) foram positivos para pelo menos um dos isotipos de FR, sendo que 28 pacientes (43,07 por cento) foram positivos para FR IgA, 19 (29,23 por cento) para FR IgG e 32 (49,23 por cento) para FR IgM, respectivamente; 34 pacientes (52,30 por cento do total) foram positivos para pelo menos uma das técnicas utilizadas na averiguação de anti-CCP (CCP2, CCP3 ou CCP3.1), enquanto 9 (13,85 por cento) o foram para anti-Sa. CONCLUSÕES: As características laboratoriais dos pacientes acompanhados nessa coorte brasileira se assemelham em vários aspectos a coortes norte-americanas, europeias e latino-americanas anteriormente publicadas.

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE: To characterize a population of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) according to laboratory aspects, comparing it with other similar cohorts. METHODS: Data presented are part of a prospective incident cohort study that evaluated 65 patients with early RA, followed for 36 months from the diagnosis at Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinic of Hospital Universitário de Brasília (HUB). We recorded demographics, clinical, and laboratory data relevant to the cohort initial assessment, including red blood cells, evidence of inflammatory activity, and presence of autoantibodies (rheumatoid factor (RF)), cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP), and antivimentin citrullinated (anti-Sa). RESULTS: There was a preponderance of female (86 percent) with mean age of 45.6 years. Twelve patients (18.46 percent) had laboratory diagnosis of anemia (hemoglobin < 12 g / dL). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were above the reference value for 51 (78.46 percent) and 46 (70.76 percent) patients, respectively. Thirty-two patients (49.23 percent) were positive for at least one of the RF isotypes, and 28 patients (43.07 percent) were positive for IgA RF, 19 (29.23 percent) for IgG, and 32 ( 49.23 percent) for IgM RF, respectively; 34 patients (52.30 percent) were positive for at least one of the techniques used in investigation of anti-CCP (CCP2, or CCP3, or CCP3.1), while 9 (13,85 percent) were positive for anti-Sa. CONCLUSIONS: The laboratory characteristics of patients enrolled in this Brazilian cohort are similar in many respects to those of North-American, European, and Latin-American cohorts previously published.

Avaliação prospectiva da qualidade de vida em uma coorte de pacientes com artrite reumatoide inicial / Prospective evaluation of the quality of life in a cohort of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis

INTRODUÇÃO: Poucos estudos avaliaram, de forma prospectiva, os instrumentos de aferição de qualidade de vida, tanto genéricos quanto específicos, em pacientes com artrite reumatoide (AR) inicial. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar uma população de pacientes com AR inicial (menos de 12 meses de sintomas da doença no momento do diagnóstico) acompanhada prospectivamente quanto ao padrão de respostas aos questionários de qualidade de vida Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) e o Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 Health Survey (SF - 36). PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 40 pacientes com diagnóstico de AR inicial no momento do diagnóstico, acompanhados prospectivamente por três anos, em uso de esquema terapêutico padronizado. Registrados os dados demográficos e clínicos e aplicados os questionários HAQ e SF-36 na avaliação inicial e aos 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 e 36 meses de acompanhamento. Comparações feitas pelo teste t de Student, t pareado e Wilcoxon (nível de significância de 5 por cento). RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 45 anos e predominou o sexo feminino (90 por cento). A média do escore do HAQ inicial foi 1,89, com declínio progressivo até 0,77 no terceiro ano (P < 0,0001). A maioria dos elementos do SF-36 apresentaram significativa melhora durante os três anos de seguimento, com exceção de estado geral e vitalidade. CONCLUSÃO: Nessa população de pacientes com AR inicial no momento do diagnóstico, observou-se alterações importantes impacto na qualidade de vida no momento do diagnóstico, conforme avaliado pelos questionários HAQ e SF-36. O tratamento precoce da AR parece se associar à melhora da qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde relatada pelo paciente.

INTRODUCTION: Few studies have prospectively assessed the tools used to measure quality of life, both generic and specific, in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to characterize a population of patients with early RA (less than 12 months after symptom onset at the time of the diagnosis) prospectively followed for the pattern of responses to questionnaires addressing quality of life, the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty patients with early RA at the time of diagnosis, treated with a standard treatment regimen, were prospectively followed for 3 years. Demographic and clinical data were recorded, and HAQ and SF-36 questionnaires were applied at baseline and after 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months. Paired Student t test and Wilcoxon test were used for comparisons (significance level of 5 percent). RESULTS: The mean age was 45 years, with a prevalence of the female gender (90 percent). The average score of the initial HAQ was 1.89, with a progressive decline to 0.77 in the third year (P < 0.0001). Most domains of the SF-36 questionnaire presented significant improvement during the three years of follow-up, except for general health and vitality. CONCLUSION: In this population of patients with early RA at the time of diagnosis, the results showed significant impact on quality of life at the time of diagnosis, as measured by HAQ and SF-36 questionnaires. The early treatment of RA seems to be associated with improved health-related quality of life reported by patients.

Características demográficas e clínicas de uma coorte de pacientes com artrite reumatoide inicial / Demographic and clinical characteristics of a cohort of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis

INTRODUÇÃO: Há poucos estudos realizados com populações latino-americanas sobre as características demográficas e clínicas dos pacientes com diagnóstico de artrite reumatoide (AR) inicial. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar uma população de pacientes com AR inicial acompanhada, prospectivamente, quanto aos aspectos demográficos e clínicos, comparando-a com outras coortes similares. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Os dados apresentados fazem parte de um estudo prospectivo de coorte incidente, em que foram avaliados 65 pacientes com AR inicial, acompanhados de forma regular por 36 meses a partir do diagnóstico na Clínica de Artrite Reumatoide Inicial do Hospital Universitário de Brasília (HUB). Foram registrados os dados demográficos e clínicos pertinentes à avaliação inicial da coorte, incluindo características gerais, dados da história clínica e exame físico. Empregou-se estatística descritiva das variáveis analisadas. RESULTADOS: Houve predomínio de mulheres (86 por cento), com média de idade de 45,6 anos, brancas ou pardas (47,6 por cento), pertencentes à classe social média-baixa (53,85 por cento), com 8,3 anos de escolaridade em média. A maior parte dos pacientes iniciou os sintomas de forma aguda (76,9 por cento), com acometimento poliarticular (69,2 por cento), sinovite persistente em mãos (90,7 por cento) e rigidez matinal prolongada (157 minutos, em média). Os pacientes apresentaram uma contagem média de articulações dolorosas (18,6) e edemaciadas (13,9) elevada e alta prevalência de nódulos reumatoides (15,3 por cento), o que sugere doença de apresentação agressiva em sua fase inicial. CONCLUSÃO: As características demográficas e clínicas dos pacientes acompanhados nessa coorte brasileira divergiram em vários aspectos das coortes norte-americanas, europeias e latinoamericanas anteriormente publicadas.

INTRODUCTION: Very few studies carried out with Latin American populations on the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be found in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To characterize a population of patients with early RA, prospectively followed, concerning demographic and clinical aspects and compare them with other similar cohorts. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The data presented are part of an incident cohort prospective study, in which 65 patients with early RA were evaluated and followed regularly for 36 months at the Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Outpatient Clinic of the University Hospital of Brasília (HUB, from the Portuguese). The demographic and clinical data of the initial evaluation, including general characteristics, clinical history, and physical examination were recorded. Descriptive statistics of the variables was applied. RESULTS: Women (86 percent) with a mean age of 45.6 years, Caucasian or Black (47.6 percent), belonging to intermediate-low social classes (53.85 percent), with 8.3 years of schooling, predominated. The presenting symptoms of the majority of patients were acute (76.9 percent), with polyarticular onset (69.2 percent), persistent synovitis of the hands (90.7 percent), and prolonged morning stiffness (157 minutes on average). Patients had a high average score of painful (18.6) and swollen (13.9) joints and high prevalence of rheumatoid nodules (15.3 percent), which suggests disease with aggressive presentation in its initial phases. CONCLUSION: The demographic and clinical characteristics of patients enrolled in this Brazilian cohort differed, on several aspects, from previously published North American, European, and Latin American cohorts.

[Early rheumatoid arthritis: concepts]. / Artrite reumatoide inicial: conceitos.

Generalization of the concept of early rheumatoid arthritis -RA and existence of a window of therapeutic opportunity, the period when appropriate therapy for this disease would determine clinical improvement, led to the concept that early diagnosis and treatment can change the disease's course. Currently, the goal is to evaluate patients with joint symptoms at the earliest opportunity. Definition of the initial phase of RA includes the first few weeks or months of symptoms (usually less than 12 months), and the first 12 weeks of symptoms of very early or initial RA are considered to be the critical period. Although all patients require early assessment and treatment, there are specific reasons for the involvement of a specialist soon in the evaluation of patients with early RA, since the inflammation that characterizes the disease should be treated as soon as possible. Failure to diagnose or treat a patient with RA at the very early stage of the disease increases the risk of progression to persistent joint inflammation and damage. On the other hand, aggressively treating patients with mild arthritis, which probably will not evolve to erosive forms is equally damaging. It exposes patients to risk without proven benefits and represents the opposite of effective early treatment. Therefore, within the current concept of a window of opportunity, early diagnosis of RA is essential and to establish, as soon as possible those patients who will progress to more severe forms, and therefore require more aggressive therapy.

Princípios gerais do tratamento da artrite reumatoide inicial: [revisão] / General principles for treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis: [review]

Os principais objetivos do tratamento de um paciente com artrite reumatóide (AR) são: reduzir a dor, o edema articular e os sintomas constitucionais, como a fadiga, melhorar a função articular, interromper a progressão do dano ósseo-cartilaginoso, prevenir incapacidades e reduzir a morbimortalidade. Nos últimos anos, o conceito terapêutico da AR inicial (primeiros 12 meses de sintomas da doença) sofreu grandes mudanças. Três aspectos, em particular, passaram a ser base do novo paradigma de tratamento: a precocidade do diagnóstico, o início imediato das drogas modificadoras do curso da doença (DMARD) e o controle rigoroso da atividade inflamatória. Nesse artigo, os autores fazem uma revisão dos princípios gerais do manejo de pacientes com diagnóstico de AR inicial.

The main goals of the treatment of a patient with RA are: to reduce pain, joint swelling and constitutional symptoms such as fatigue, to improve joint function, stop progression of bone-cartilage damage , prevent disabilities and reduce morbidity and mortality. In recent years, the therapeutic concept of early RA (first 12 months of symptoms) has undergone major changes. Three aspects in particular have become the basis of the new treatment paradigm: early diagnosis, immediate beginning of Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs therapy (DMARD) and strict control of the inflammatory activity. In this article, the authors review the general principles of management of patients with early RA.